Ottoman rulers5/29/2023 ![]() The holder of the title Sultan (سلطان in Arabic), was in later Arabic-Islamic dynasties originally the power behind the throne of the Caliph in Bagdad and it was later used for various independent Muslim Monarchs. The first Ottoman ruler to actually claim the title of Sultan was Murad I, who ruled from 1359 to 1389. Thus they still formally acknowledged the sovereignty of the Seljuk Sultanate and its successor, the Sultanate of Rûm. The first rulers of the dynasty did not take the title of Sultan, but rather Bey, a title roughly the Turkic equivalent of Lord, which would itself become a gubernatorial title and even a common military or honorific rank. The Ottoman dynasty is known in modern Turkish as Osmanlı Hanedanı, meaning "House of Osman" in Ottoman Turkish it was known as Hanedan-ı Âl-i Osman. The family in its current form is known as the Osmanoğlu family, meaning "son of Osman", after Osman I, the namesake of both the family and the Ottoman Empire. The Republic of Turkey was declared the following year. The family was deposed from power and the sultanate was abolished on 1 November 1922 after the Turkish War of Independence. See the article on state organisation of the Ottoman Empire for further information on the sultan and the structure of power. The sultan was the sole and absolute regent, head of state and head of government of the empire, at least officially, though often much power shifted de facto to other officials, especially the Grand Vizier. Before that the tribe/dynasty was known as Söğüt Beylik or Beys but was renamed Osmanlı (Ottoman in English) in honour of Osman. The Ottoman dynasty, made up of the members of the House of Osman ( Turkish: Osmanlı Hanedanı), ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922, beginning with Osman I (not counting his father, Ertuğrul), though the dynasty was not proclaimed until Orhan Bey declared himself sultan. Public displays of extraordinary splendor were considered essential to the maintenance of Ottoman imperial authority. ![]() Each day, the Sultan wore a different elaborately embroidered cape for his daily barbering. Ottoman Ceremonial Barbering Cape (detail), early 18th century, Turkey.
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